Saturday, December 28, 2019

Grapes Of Wrath - Jim Casy Chracter Analysis Essay

John Steinbeck passionately describes a time of unfair poverty, unity, and the human spirit in the classic, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel tells of real, diverse characters who experience growth through turmoil and hardship. Jim Casy- a personal favorite character- is an ex-preacher that meets up with a former worshiper, Tom Joad. Casy continues a relationship with Tom and the rest of the Joads as they embark on a journey to California in the hopes of prosperity and possibly excess. Casy represents how the many situations in life impact the ever-changing souls of human- beings and the search within to discover ones true identity and beliefs. Casy, however, was much more complex than the average individual. His unpredjudiced, unified,†¦show more content†¦This secures a definite parallel to Jesus Christ and not only Jim Casy, but the entire book, The Grapes of Wrath. The rich people, banks, owners, and institutions have taken control of the country and nature, but as the book says, quot;And the association of owners knew that some day the praying would stop. And theres an end.quot; This means that these people will always carry on, one day they will take action, there will be a fight, and quite possibly an end to the misfortune and a reign of prevailing prosperity. Christ once said, quot;When thou makest a dinner or supper, call not...thy rich neighbors...But when thou makest a feast, call the poor, the maimed, the lame, the blind: and thou shalt be blessed.quot; John Steinbeck and Jim Casy along with many other migrants believe in charity, helping others and an end to the insatiable appetite for money and self-indulgence. When Casy is saying grace in chapter eight, he compares himself to Jesus: quot;I been in the hills, thinkin, almost you might say like Jesus wen into the wilderness to think His way out of troubles.quot; Casy was beginning to feel confused, troubled and stressful about his faith, but when he went into the wilderness and rediscovered n ature, he was a new man with a new-found faith. (Eventually Christ was no longer a Jew and strayed from the traditional Hebrew idea of God. Casys beliefs did not precisely follow Christianity.) Like Christ, Casy was jailed and later aroused the

Friday, December 20, 2019

One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey - 1873 Words

The novel I chose to read was entitled â€Å"One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest† written by Ken Kesey. First off, It is important to provide some of Ken Kesey’s background in order to better understand why he wrote it. After receiving his bachelor’s degree, Kesey ended up at Stanford in a creative writing program. He ended up volunteering in an experimental drug program where he was used to test the different effects of the drugs at the Local Veterans Administration hospital. This was where he began to experiment with LCSD. During his experimental time, He ended up taking a job as an orderly in the mental institution where he got to witness how the mentally ill were treated by the staff and how the facility was run. He couldn t have written a†¦show more content†¦By standing up for themselves and leaving, Nurse Ratched’s authoritarianism has been overthrown and she is left with a limited amount of power. The narrating character is Chief Bromd en. Kesey describes him as being a tall Native American who is known as â€Å"Chief Broom† ( p. 3) to the orderlies who make him sweep the floors. He has been in the Institution for ten years. According to Kesey in his book, both the patients and staff refer to him as â€Å"deaf and dumb†(Page 3) because he hasn’t spoken so therefore, they assume he is deaf. Kesey describes how the Chief is treated by the orderlies by saying, â€Å"The least black boy and one of the bigger ones catch me before I get ten steps out of the mop closet, and drag me back to the shaving room. I don’t fight or make any noise† (1962, p. 6). However, unbeknownst to anyone, the Chief can hear and speak, but between being heavily medicated and bullied as the time, he is left feeling fearful as well as unsteady. He thinks that if he remains silent, then no one will bother him and he can just hide in the shadows where he will not be in the spotlight. Right in the beginning of th e book as Nurse Ratched enters the ward, Kesey describes Chief Bromden’s reaction by saying, â€Å"She slides through the door with a gust of cold and locks the door behind her and I see her fingers trail across the polished steel - tip of each finger the same color as her lips.Show MoreRelatedOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe portrayal of women and minorities in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey, shows readers the opinions of a majority of the population during the 1960s in which women in power were ridiculed. The book’s antagonist Nurse Ratched is presented as machine-like, and robotic. This shows how author Ken Kesey dehumanizes women who are in power, and decides to take away all their feminine qualities when they are in power because to Kesey it simply doesn t make sense that a female can beRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1925 Words   |  8 PagesPatient: Bromden, Chief For many years in modern history, what occurred in mental institutions were not well known and discussed about widely. One book that actually brought the reality of what happens inside mental institutions to public attention was the book entitled â€Å"One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest† written by Ken Kesey. The book shows the lives of the people residing in an Oregon mental asylum through the perspective of the patient named Chief Bromden. In the book, it isn’t stated exactly whatRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1860 Words   |  8 PagesThe book titled, â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest† written by Ken Kesey is what I chose to read and evaluate. Before I go any further, it is important to share some of Kesey’s background in order to better understand why he wrote this book. After receiving his bachelor’s degree, Kesey ended up at Stanford University in a creative writing program. During his time at Stanford, he volunteered himself to be in an experimental drug program where he was used to test the different effects of the drugs atRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1332 Words   |  6 Pagesboth a bully or that one individual that we simply didn t need to be around or even anybody they knew. Additionally, every person has had that one character they favored, for sticking up for themselves and declaring what they wanted, even though it intended sure punishment. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest by author Ken Kesey, these attributes stick out in the story. A dialogue of the setting, theme, and character situations into the story will help one capture how ones’ feelings fall into lineRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 Pages1962, Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoa nalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology plays an impactful role in One Flew OverRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1579 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest by Ken Kesey we are taken into the mind of a mental hospital patient who does not seem to cope well with reality. The whole book itself, revolves around the issue of either being sane or not. We are met with the thought of whether the narrator themselves are sane. But when it comes to our world today, we must ask ourselves how can we define someone as insane or sane? If if we can, who should be in charge of saying that they are? The first character thatRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Geese in the Wolf’s Nest â€Å"The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which.† (Orwell). Although animals might only look like animals, they are symbols of deeper meanings. Throughout the fiction novel One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, by Ken Kesey, many symbols/motifs are presented in the form of animals that represent characters. These animals give meaning to the story and illuminate the plot by givingRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1622 Words   |  7 Pagesor someone. Leadership on the other hand, may be a tool used to overcome authority which is depicted when McMurphy is admitted into the ward and effectively changes the patient’s lives for the better. Throughout the novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, written by Ken Kesey, McMurphy’s leadership dominates Nurse Ratched’s authority due to his success in transforming the patie nts into better people from the second of his arrival and giving them the option to live a better life. McMurphy, a gamblerRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1625 Words   |  7 PagesWorks of literature innately embody the author’s ideology and the historical context of the given time period. Within the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, by Ken Kesey, the author furthers his ideals against the issue of oppression as he attempts to take stabs against its deteriorating effects and support those who rebel. Set in the microcosm of a small mental hospital, he establishes man’s external struggle to overcome tyranny. At the head of the head of the ward is the corrupted characterRead MoreAnalysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2637 Words   |  11 Pages The Author and His/Her Times: Ken Kesey was born on September 17, 1935 and died on November 10, 2011 at age 66. Kesey was once arrested for possession of marijuana and a â€Å"faked suicide† and was put into prison for five years. He also had a lot of experimentation with psy choactive drugs, which could spark his interest in the human mind, which has a lot of influence on the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The novel was put on The Times list of To honor Kesey after his death, there is a film

Thursday, December 12, 2019

A Study on Internet Marketing Strategies free essay sample

A study on online marketing strategies used by new media entrepreneurs in India. S. Vivin RichardMs. Sri Jothi M. Sc Electronic Media,Lecturer Department of Media Sciences Department of Media Sciences College of Engineering,College of Engineering Anna University, Guindy. Anna University, Chennai Abstract: This research investigates the characteristics of online marketing strategies used by new media Entrepreneurs. This research helps to understand the nature and extent of business strategies used by successful online Entrepreneurs. Nowadays, most people prefer to get first-hand information from the internet. Being a terrific medium of communication, internet not only helps people to stay informed but gives them a fair idea about the consumer market as well. Hence, it is important to analyze and utilize the power of internet technology in the best possible manner. The need is to analyze and research needs of customers who come online to satisfy their wants. 1. 2. Introduction: Internet is primarily a source of communication, information and entertainment, but increasingly, it also acts as a vehicle for commercial transactions. Since the explosion of the web as a business medium, one of its primary uses has been for marketing. Soon, the web could become a critical distribution channel for the majority of successful enterprises. (Thompson 2002) In online world, companies try their best to make their products much more physically good that actually becomes the possession of life of a customer. The concentration of internet marketing is giving a similar experience to a customer ad help him/her to get the utmost satisfaction. Internet is a large repository of information, ever expanding database and a true knowledge hub. The impact of internet over people has grown over a period of time and people started trusting internet and they bank over the internet for major activities, be it personal, official and business related. Therefore this presents the perfect scenario for the entrepreneurs to market their products across the globe, to a large customer base that their sales force cannot even dream of identifying. Getting on the wings of internet technologies, organizations can easily enhance their overall worth by reaching to new heights of success. Online companies can engage in fruitful marketing activities by using effective new media marketing strategies to boost their product offering in the online market. 1. 1 Online marketing: Advertising in internet provides a major contribution to brand competition in the market. Advertising here not only provides information about a product or service but also promotes innovation. Besides it also facilitates consumer satisfaction. Big and small companies, individuals of all walks of life, major and minor events, concepts, etc. , nowadays lay their base on online marketing to get recognized in the market (Zarrella, 2010). When eBay was started, it was just a hobby, an experiment to see if people could use the Internet to be empowered through access to an efficient market. It was really about helping people connect around a sphere of interest so they could do business. † (Pierre Omidyar, eBay) 1. 2 Aim and Objective * To study the new media marketing strategies used by dotcom Entrepreneurs in India and to determine the most effective practices for the same. To study the dotcom entrepreneurs and their strategies in India. * To analyze the new media marketing strategies used by dotcom entrepreneurs. To identify the different marketing strategies of business enterprises using new media technology. * To determine the effectiveness of new media marketing. 3. Literature Review Scott (2009) states the reasons for brand promoters preferring online web for marketing is that the tools, techniques and content are constantly evolving. The buyers reward creativity by responding to the online efforts like: â€Å"If you are open to trying out new things, you can be first in your industry to use something new to communicate to your buyers†. The rules of marketing had to change and the web has proved a catalyst in bringing the changes forward and amplifying their scale. The sudden emergence of the Web 2. 0 marketing techniques demand additional approaches, while most marketers are still wrestling with the first generation, savvy brands are exploring the landscape that social media and social networks create for marketers. These techniques are allowing much deeper drivers in social change to be unleashed, with a profound impact on planning customer connections. The new generation of relationship marketing responds to the additional challenges of digital media literacy and in the right hands can trigger a rebuild of the entire marketing mix through different strategies. Relationship marketing for the Face book generation demands both thinking and acting differently (Chaffey 2003). Stroud (2007) says that the ability of social networking sites to generate these huge volumes of web traffic is proof of their huge popularity. Google, Yahoo and News International have bought themselves a presence in the social networking arena. The detailed rationale for these acquisitions differs but all have a common theme of wanting access to the enormous audiences. Visitors to online websties as well as social networking sites are significantly more likely than average to visit leisure-oriented retail site categories, such as music, jewelry/luxury goods/ accessories, consumer electronics and apparel. People typically enjoy sharing their experiences with these products, whether it is to talk about their new iPhone or the pair of designer jeans they just bought. Social networking sites offer the venue for those conversations to occur. Online media advertising is ideal for promoting brand recognition. Still, there is no doubt that advertising via online media sites is an effective way to increase your overall revenue stream (Brinlee, 2007). 3. 1 Research Methodology To analyze and find the effective use of online marketing strategy in developing a business online, and to find the effective marketing strategy used online by online Entrepreneurs. Communication was done with the survey method and content analysis in the research. Methods of Data Collection: The survey method helped in finding out the reach of the websites with their advertisements and marketing strategies which they use online to promote their business, and the ways of impact of the online marketing strategies. And the content analysis is another method used to analyse the different kind of communication strategy and marketing strategy used by the online entrepreneurs with certain parameters among the top 10 online e-commerce websites. 3. 1. 2 Research Design: This research study adopted survey and content analysis in order to find the effectiveness and the impact of the marketing strategies used in branding any product or the service among the target market through Flipkart. com, Futurebazaar. com and Naaptol. com with respect to international market group Amazon. com and ebay. in. 3. 2 Survey: Survey was conducted randomly among young adults community, by sending questionnaire through online to collect the individual opinion from the respondents. 3. 2. 1 Sampling Method Non probability sampling was used to collect the opinion from the online respondents. Purposive sampling method in non probability sampling was used to get the results. Questionnaire is used as a tool and online media is being planned to be taken as the medium of the findings. The total population is online media user community, but to collect the effective data the sampling is constrained to the target population like young adults, graduates within the age of 16 years to 40 years.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Essay about Fracking Of Fracking And Fracking Essay Example For Students

Essay about Fracking Of Fracking And Fracking Essay Do you ever wonder how we have constant supplies of oil all around the world? Over the past couple of decades, oil companies have created an obscene amount of different methods for extracting oil, such as fracking. According to BBC News, fracking is defined as the process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside. Water, sand, and chemicals are injected into the rock with high pressure which allows the gas to flow out to the head of the well. The process is carried out by drilling vertically or, more commonly, by drilling horizontally into the rock layer. The process can create new pathways to release gas or can be used to extend existing channels (UK 1). Furthermore, there are many benefits to our economy from fracking such as that it is inexpensive, provides employment opportunities, and it provides us with a source of energy. Fracking industries have created over a hundred new job opportunities for people. Since we are creating our own source of energy, we become less dependent of other countries for natural gas. We are also using this gas to fuel our homes and cars which causes less release of carbon emissions than coal which promotes a better living condition. Nonetheless, in the future, we can also use this method as a way to become better exporters and decrease the debt we owe to other countries. Although, fracking has become a worldwide issue due to an increase in unethical ways of drilling that companies are practicing and the harmful effects it has on the environment, it is helping our overall economy in the long run. Which supports my statement that we should continue to use fracking as a method to drill oil in order to obtain this natural res. .of contamination or poisoning is low, it can still happen. Oil industries no longer need to support the idea of fracking and look for different way of extracting oil gas. Ways that should not harm humans, the environment, and most of all be ethical, but also drawing attention to how fracking is affecting areas where the fracking industries are built, both positively and negatively. Fracking has prompted plenty of jobs in America but it is also contaminating the water supply, poisoning the people nearby. In order to reduce as much danger as possible, I believe that there should be a time limit on how long the industry runs each day and they should check the water supply every so often. With all the underlying issues such as our environment and unethical practices being done, the hope is to make fracking less of a danger and more of a positive effect around the world.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Examining The Concept Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work Essay Example

Examining The Concept Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work Essay This paper will look at kid maltreatment, what that is in Australia today. Through reexamining literature on kid maltreatment and kid protection this paper aims to demo that the construct of kid maltreatment is dependent on societal and cultural values. In order to discourse child maltreatment and its relationship to history and societal and cultural values it is of import to specify the term child maltreatment in the kid protection field in Australia today. Zuchowski ( 2009: 30 ) cites Fernandez as acknowledging that the importance of agreed and unambiguous definitions is cardinal to placing ill-treatment and appropriate intercessions and that kid maltreatment is a socially constructed construct defined by societal, cultural and economic conditions. In Australian kid protection work kid maltreatment is defined in footings of physical, sexual and emotional maltreatment and in the more combative country, kid disregard. Physical and emotional maltreatments are defined as Acts of the Apostless of committee or skip that cause injury or worse to kids. Sexual maltreatment is defined as the kid being used for the sexual satisfaction of the grownup and involves the maltreatment of trust and power inherent in relationships between grownups and kids. Neglect is defined as a state of affairs in which the parents/carers fail to supply for the basic indispensable demands that kids require ( Tilbury, Osmond, Wilson A ; Clark 2007:5 ; Tomison, 2001:48 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Examining The Concept Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Examining The Concept Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Examining The Concept Of Child Abuse Cases Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term neglect is combative and implies opinion ; Feminism and Post-Modernist theories challenge workers to be critically brooding on the ways in which linguistic communication contributes to the building of societal values ( Healy, 2005:194 ) . Applied to child protection work Feminist, Structuralist and Critical societal work theories focus on societal and economic resources and acknowledge the impact that structural disadvantages have on households capacities to supply for kids ( Tilbury et al, 2007:29 ) . Disregard of kids was non recognized prior to the industrial revolution and kids every bit immature as five were treated as slave labor in orphanhoods, workhouses and mills, where they were starved, beaten and frequently kept in leg chainss ( Tomison, 2001:48 ) . These conditions are illegal in Australia today and would be considered as kid maltreatment by current societal values. History of Child Protection In the nineteenth century kids were basically seen as economic units, big households were an investing and kids s input was considered indispensable to household endurance ( Sanson A ; Wise, 2001:5 ) .By the bend of the twentieth century alterations in attitudes to child labors in Australia were reflected in Torahs such as the Factory Act of New South Wales and Victoria of 1896, mandatory instruction for all kids in all Australian provinces by 1900 and the constitution of voluntary kid deliverance groups such as The Victorian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1894 which was concerned with kid maltreatment and the effects of poorness and disadvantage on their life conditions ( Sanson A ; Wise, 2001:5 ; Tomison, 2001:50 ) . However, widespread public concern sing the ill-treatment of kids merely emerged when kid maltreatment was rediscovered by Dr H Kempe and his co-workers in the United States in the 1960 s. They coined the term battered baby syndrome and their work created involvement in child ill-treatment around the universe. ( Tomison, 2001:50 ; Parton, 2002:5 ) . At the clip kid maltreatment was seen as a socio-medical job, a disease which could be cured and prevented whereas today child maltreatment is presently framed as a socio-legal job with the accent on assemblage and measuring forensic grounds ( Parton, 2002:11 ; Tomison, 2001:52 ) . The professionalisation of kid protection services during the 1970 s and 1980 s saw the development of risk-assessment tools ; AIDSs to help workers in doing the right determination and to assist guarantee answerability. These developments saw the worker as the expert ; whereas current theories used in societal work in Australia such as strengths- based attac ks and narrative therapies emphasize a collaborative attempt between households and kid protection services ( Kreuger, 2007:237 ; Tilbury et Al, 2007:16 ) . The influence of the kid deliverance motion in the late nineteenth century on kid protection in Australia has been profound, peculiarly act uponing the history of societal intercession and remotion of Autochthonal kids from their households ( Sanson A ; Wise, 2001:8. ) .Child protection in Australia was foremost provided by preponderantly Christian church groups in the non-government sector and targeted abandoned, ignored kids and those with households considered socially unequal . Initially rescued kids were boarded with sanctioned households until subsequently old ages when orphanhoods were established. In the early yearss of colony the want that kids suffered in establishments was recognized, taking to further attention or get oning out being the preferable arrangement for ignored kids ( Tomison, 2001:49 ) . Indigenous Child Protection From the first white colony of Australia colonial values and attacks saw the land being regarded as Terra Nullius , Autochthonal people being treated as free labor at best and subsequent Torahs, policies and patterns that forcibly removed Autochthonal kids from their households ( HREOC, 1997:2 ) . The Colonial response to the atrociousnesss perpetrated on the Aboriginal people was to set up a associated state system which would segregate and hence purportedly protect Autochthonal people. By 1911 most Australian provinces and districts had reserved land and assigned duty and hence control of Aboriginal people s lives to a Chief Protector or Protection Board. This power was used to take Indigenous kids from their households with a position to change overing them to Christianity ( HREOC, 1997 ) . This policy attack would be considered racialist by current societal criterions. Australia has been slow to acknowledge and esteem the cultural values of the Autochthonal people of Australia i n every manner, including kid attention and protection. As the population of assorted descent people grew authorities functionaries responded by taking kids and lodging them off from their households with the purpose of absorbing and unifying them into the non-Indigenous population. The physical remotion of Autochthonal kids continued in many pretenses up until the 1960 s ; those people affected by this pattern are now known as The Stolen Generation. In New South Wales after 1940, Indigenous and non-Indigenous kids came under general kid public assistance statute law. The built-in racism in policy and pattern and deficiency of acknowledgment of cultural differences ensured that Autochthonal households were more readily found to be inattentive. Poverty was equated with disregard and Autochthonal households, ineligible for unrestricted public assistance support until after 1966, were judged as neglecting to supply adequately by non-Indigenous criterions ( HREOC, 1997 ) . Attachment theory is based on the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Attachment theory recognizes the importance of the early relationship between parent and kid and its influence on kids s future ability to organize healthy relationships. Bowlby s work on maternal want, based on the premiss that fond regard to a health professional is indispensable for endurance, was non applied to Autochthonal households in the 1950 s and 60 s in Australia ( Bretherton, 1995:759 ; Osmond A ; Darlington, 2002:1 ) . This failure can be attributed to the same racialist attitudes to Indigenous Australians that saw Australia declared an empty continent by the first colonists ( HREOC, 1997 ) . Looking through the lens of attachment theory at Australia s history of physical remotion of Autochthonal kids, it is easy to see the bequest of intergenerational agony and its on-going impact on the well-being of Autochthonal communities today ( Sanson A ; Wise, 2001:39 ) . From today s position histo ric kid protection patterns imposed on Autochthonal Australians are seen as kid maltreatment and ill-treatment. Prime Minister Rudd s apology, in February 2008, for the harm done to Indigenous Australian s through past policies of remotion, evidences the alteration in Australian societal values which are reflected in policy. In the Bringing them Home Report ( HREOC, 1997:19 ) , Sir William Deane acknowledges the extent to which present disadvantage flows from past unfairnesss and subjugation. The study recognizes the lasting wounding caused to the Stolen Generation by physical remotion and institutional maltreatment. All provinces and districts in Australia have accepted the Autochthonal Placement Principle as jurisprudence or policy ( SNAIC, 2002:66. ) This policy recognizes the importance of retaining Indigenous Australian kids s connexions to their community and civilization ( Ban, 2005:388 ) . The Indigenous Placement Principle embeds Autochthonal cultural values in societal policy by seeking to put kids within extended households and their communities. This rule is critical to turn toing issues such as Autochthonal kids being six times more likely to be removed than any other Australian kids and 20 times more likely to be in the juvenile justness system. This high rate of remotion can be attributed to structural issues such as poorness, deficiency of equal lodging and the intergenerational effects of policies that forcibly and intentionally removed Autochthonal kids from civilization and household ( Zuchowski, 2009:76 ) . In 50 old ages, approaches to autochthonal kid protection in Australia have radically changed ; they now reflect acknowledgment of past unfairnesss, regard for cultural differences and values and a committedness to partnership and coaction between authoritiess, services and Autochthonal Australians to construct capacities and resiliency in communities to maintain households and kids safe ( Calma, 2007 ) . Economic Impacts Thomson ( 2003 ) suggests that there is an institutional sightlessness to the function that poorness dramas in seting kids at hazard of injury. The rise of economic rationalism as the dominant doctrine through the 1990 s in Australian societal policy has been twofold: under- resourcing of public assistance services such as kid protection and a user -pays attack which sees the hapless and destitute farther disadvantaged. Economic rationalism is a potentially value loaded attack where those who are socially and economically disadvantaged held responsible for their fortunes. As Tomison ( 2001:52 ) acknowledges the focal point of economic rationalism on efficiency, effectivity and answerability potentially conflicts with the ethical committednesss made by societal workers such as a committedness to accomplishing societal justness ( Tilbury et al 2007:10 ; AASW, 1999 ) . Economic issues impact the rapprochement procedure with the Indigenous community as healing and rapprochement relies on damages of past wrongs ( HREOC, 1997 ) . Thorpe ( 2007 ) besides notes that a disproportional sum of resources in kid protection are spent on probe instead than attention. Current Social Policy Approachs: Prevention and early intercession The current discourse on kid protection, influenced by strength based and grounds based attacks, has shifted from speaking about maltreatment to speaking about injury ( Zuchowski, 2009:33 ) . Feminism and Post-modernism recognize linguistic communication as a site which contributes to specifying societal value ; these discourses have besides contributed to the displacement from speaking about maltreatment to concentrating on the injury done to kids. Harm is defined in The Child Protection Act ( 1999 ) as any damaging consequence of a important nature on the kid s wellbeing . This term allows for household and kid to lend to the appraisal of what is considered detrimental and significant ( Tilbury et al, 2007:4 ) . The focal point since the mid 1990 s in Australia has been on early intercession and bar ( Tomison, 2001:54-55 ) . Resilience has been recognized as a cardinal protective factor in kids lasting ill-treatment and high hazard state of affairss and accomplishing healthy and adaptative results. The turning acknowledgment that heightening protective factors to forestall ill-treatment of kids is cost effectual, and provides both societal and economic benefits, has seen an increasing focal point on the bringing of early intercession and bar services in Australia. These services are largely delivered through non-government bureaus such as Family Centres in New South Wales. Government policies now focus on health and well-being through heightening community, household and single strengths. These current strengths-based household support attacks are a contrast to historic attacks that sought to put duty and fault entirely with the parent. Children s wellness and well-being is now seen as a community duty ; the impact of the socio-economic environment in which the household lives is now taken into histor y ( Tomison, 2002:7 ; 2001:55 ) . Decision Harmonizing to Tilbury et Al the label kid maltreatment alterations harmonizing to societal context and reflects public sentiment and values every bit good as adept sentiment and reflects the grade to which society supports households to care for their kids ( 2007:6 ) . Furthermore apprehensions of kid maltreatment and disregard differ harmonizing to socio-economic position, civilization and cultural background ( Bowes A ; Watson, 2004 ) , as cited in Tilbury et Al. ( 2007:6 ) . What constitutes child maltreatment is dependent on societal and cultural values ; this is clearly evidenced in the alterations to the intervention and attention of kids throughout even the short history of Australia since white colony. The addition in presentment and confirmation of kids at hazard in the last decennary is the result of a widening definition of what comprises kid maltreatment ( Scott, 2006, as cited in Thorpe, 2007:1 ) . Australia s history of physical remotion of Autochthonal kids, the disjunction of British migratory kids from household, the maltreatment of kids in institutional attention and the on-going societal and mental harm that these patterns caused is now good known ( Thorpe, 2007:1 ) . These historic patterns are unacceptable and considered maltreatment and ill-treatment in Australia today. When compared with Australia s current collaborative and culturally sensitive attack to child protection it is clear that kid maltreatment, and community perceptual exp erience and response to it, reflect the dominant cultural and societal values of the twenty-four hours.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Chemistry Jokes, Puns, and Riddles

Chemistry Jokes, Puns, and Riddles Chemistry terminology and jargon is ripe for puns and intellectual humor. Below is a collection of chemistry jokes, puns, riddles, and one-liners. Old Chemist One-Liner Old chemists never die, they just stop reacting. Coffee Riddle What is the chemical formula of coffee? CoFe2 Banana Riddle What is the chemical formula for a banana? BaNa2 Dead Chemists What should do you do with a dead Chemist? Barium! Dental Chemistry Riddle What do you call a tooth in a glass of water? A one molar solution. Ion Riddle What did one charged atom say to the other? Ive got my ion you. pH Chemistry Joke Why do chemists enjoy working with ammonia? Because its pretty basic stuff. Spy Chem What is the name of agent 007s Eskimo cousin? Polar Bond. Medical Elements Joke Q: Why do chemists call helium, curium, and barium the medical elements?A: Because if you cant helium or curium, you barium! Diamond Riddle What element is a girls future best friend? Carbon. Element Laughter What did the chemist say when he found two isotopes of helium? HeHe Neutral Neutron A neutron walks into a shop and says,Id like a coke.The shopkeeper serves up the coke.How much will that be? asks the neutron.The shopkeeper replies, For you? No charge. Norse Chemistry What element derives from a Norse god? Thorium. Mole Riddle Why was the mole of oxygen molecules excited when he left the singles bar? He got Avogadros number! Particle Charge Joke A proton and a neutron were walking down the street. The proton says, Stop, I dropped an electron. Help me look for it. The neutron asks, Are you sure? The proton replies, Yes, Im positive. Peroxide Joke Two chemists go into a restaurant. The first chemist says, Ill have H2. The second chemist says, Ill have an H2O too.... and he died. TV Chemistry What show do cesium and iodine love to watch together? CsI Words from Element Symbols I asked the guy next to me if he had any sodium hypobromite. He said NaBrO. Lawyer Chemistry Joke Why cant lawyers do NMR? Bar magnets have poor homogeneity. Chemistry Lab Safety What is the most important chemistry rule? Never lick the spoon! Mole Joke What was Avogadros favorite sport? Golf - because he always got a mole-in-one. Gas Chromatography Joke What emotional disorder does a gas chromatograph suffer from? Separation anxiety. Interview Joke Question at interview: What is nitrate (nite rate or night rate), Answer: double time. Chemistry Poem Poor Willie worked in chem lab. Poor Willie is no more. For what he thought was H2O was H2SO4! Assault and Battery What happened to the man stopped for having sodium chloride and a 9-volt in his car? He was booked for a salt and battery. Joke Why Chemists Are Great Why are chemists so great at solving problems? Answer: Because they have all the solutions. Alphabet Chemistry Riddle What is HIJKLMNO? H2O Silver and Gold Silver walks up to gold in a bar and says, Au, get outta here! Noble Gas Helium walks into a bar. The bartender says, We dont serve noble gases here. Helium doesnt react. Starving Chemists How did the chemist survive the famine? He subsisted on titrations. Chemical Formula Joke Q: What is the chemical formula for diarrhea?A: (CO(NH2)2)2 Football Cheerleader Q: How did the football cheerleader define hydrophobic on her chemistry exam? A: Fear of utility bills. The Chemists Ferris Wheel What do chemists call a benzene ring where the carbon atoms are replaced with iron  atoms? A ferrous wheel. Burger Chemistry Why does hamburger yield lower energy than steak? Because its in the ground state. Titration Chemistry Riddle What did one titration say to the other? Lets meet at the endpoint. Solution Chemistry Joke Florence Flask was preparing to attend the opera. Suddenly she screamed, Erlenmeyer, my joules! Somebody has stolen my joules! Her husband replied, Relax dear. Well find a solution. Titanium Chemistry Joke Titanium is an amorous metal. When it gets hot, it will combine with anything! The Half-Empty Glass The optimist sees the glass as half full. The pessimist sees the glass as half empty. The chemist sees the glass as completely full, half in the liquid state and half in the gaseous state. Cash Chemistry It has been discovered that money consists of a yet-to-be- indentified superheavy element. The proposed element name  is Un-obtainium. Spectrometry Riddle What did the mass spectrometer say to the gas chromatograph? Breaking up is hard to do. One Bad Clown What would you call a clown in jail? Silicon Ice Water H2O is the formula for water, what is the formula for ice? H2O cubed Sea Water What is the chemical formula for sea water? CH2O Oxygen and Potassium Did you hear oxygen went on a date with potassium? It went OK. Water and Peroxide Joke what is H204? Its FOR drinking, bathing, and mixing with scotch. Another Bar Joke What did the bartender say when oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, sodium, and phosphorus walking into the bar? OH SNaP! Carbon Chemistry Pun Why did the chemist coat his shoes with silicone rubber? He wanted to reduce his carbon footprint. Water Chemistry Question: What is the name of the molecule CH2O? Answer: Seawater Polarity Chemistry Humor Why did the white bear dissolve in water? Because it was a polar bear. Superhero Chemistry Pun If Iron Man and Silver Surfer teamed up, theyd be alloys. Sodium Humor Does anyone know any jokes about sodium? Na. Yeah, I know that was sodium funny! Chemistry One-Liner If youre not part of the solution, youre part of the precipitate! Bad Chemistry Jokes Id tell you a chemistry joke, but all the good ones argon. Chemistry Joke Pun I wish to apologize for not having more chemistry jokes, but I only add them periodically. If you want to use chemistry pick-up lines, look no further.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discussion Board 8-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 8-1 - Assignment Example The shrinking nature of the brains of the elderly people has the potential to cause serious cognitive impairments upon dependence on a given drug. Compared to youths who depend on given drugs, drug dependent elderly are likely to suffer from serious and extreme visual and hearing impairments. Drug dependent elderly people may also suffer from poor memory as well as develop serious linguistic and communication skills (Parker & Liu, 2007). Despite of the differences, drug dependence among the elderly and the youths cause results to nearly similar consequences. For instance, drug dependence across the age groups is likely to cause damage to internal organs. The extent and speed of damage may largely rely on the quantity and frequency of intake (Parker & Liu, 2007). Drug dependence among individuals across the two age groups is also likely to lead to psychosis. Psychosis condition may presents as either hallucination or delusion or both. Hallucination involves seeing and hearing of things that do not exist in reality. Delusion on the other hand refers to believing of myths and concepts that are not true and hard to prove. These consequences have occurred in both youths and the elderly who abuse and depend on

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Visual Arts and Film Studies Tests. Changes in exhibition from the Assignment

Visual Arts and Film Studies Tests. Changes in exhibition from the early 1900s through the 1940s - Assignment Example Moreover, cinema of attraction is based on shock, spectacle, and sensation. According to Gunning, cinema of attraction greatly differs with the contemporary narrative cinema that solicits a voyeuristic spectatorial gaze. It is an early exhibition where the spectators become overtly acknowledged, and invited to look. What is the PCA? In order to regulate morality and politics within films, the PCA (Production Code Administration), patrolled major issues that came about in the movies, moral barricades and the politics involved in movie productions. The government decided that wartime movies were very delicate to be left to the moviemakers thus the PCA, the Office of War Information, policing morality, and guarding politics made sure that the American screen was tightly regulated like no any other time in history. The PCA and its associated groups worked towards improvement in the film content in outright falsifications in others and evasions. What is a â€Å"star vehicle†? A ‘star vehicle refers to a movie, television show, or a play fabricated mainly to enhance a star’s career. The main aim of a star vehicle revolves around promoting a performer with the anticipation of inducting a bankable star. For instance, a bankable star compels the spectators to watch either the television show, play or even the film since he/she is featured in the project. Any successful star vehicle portrays unique talents exhibited y the star being promoted. In addition, a star vehicle can be created to showcase a star shifting from one genre to another. In a star vehicle, the young or inexperienced actor signs a long-term contract with a major studio. However, in some cases, the actor may produce for himself or herself a vehicle thus resulting to a form of self-promotion (Lewis, 2002). d. What does Jane Feuer mean when she refers to the â€Å"dual diegesis† of the backstage musical? Modernist cinema in association wi th Hollywood musical, use dual in the world of films in order to reflect the relationship of the spectator to the film. Dual diegesis in this sense parallels the use of internal audience. In other cases, dual diegesis calls attention to the discrepancy between reality and fiction, or history and fiction. According to Jane, Hollywood musicals are built upon a base of dual registers with the contrast between number and narrative defining musical comedy as a form. In the backstage, musical dual levels are apparent in contrast between the show or film and the backstage plot within the film, between the world offstage and world onstage. e. How was the production of Casablanca affected by U.S. entry into World War II? Scholarly research depicts that one of the main argument was that the government collaborated with the Hollywood industry to use film as propaganda during the Second World War. Due to the stigma that surrounded Hollywood in the early 20’s, directors and actors were co nvicted of outrage that led to public accusation of immorality within the film industry. Moreover, the government worked directly with Hollywood by using its films as a powerful tool to enhance the war. It was during t5his period that Casablanca was greatly affected. These films displayed anti-Japanese propaganda, grim images, and the sacrifices made by the American soldiers. Even after the war, the films continued to portray skewed sights of the war with glorifying efforts made by the soldiers to show the sacrifices they made were quite worthwhile. 2. What changes in exhibition took place

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Building Teams and Resolving Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Building Teams and Resolving Conflict - Essay Example Furthermore, conflict resolution is a critical aspect of businesses in the contemporary world. This is owing to the fact that there is increased diversity in the workplace resulting to increased chances of conflict. An effective manager will have the solution to conflicts arising in the workplace. If he fails to do so, he will have failed his duty as a manager. This paper discusses some of the major reasons behind managers’ failures. One of the salient reasons for manager’s failure is poor communication skills. Managers who are passive communicators fail to pass the message across to their employees that reflect in poor performance that may eventually lead to failure (Dotlich and Cairo, 2007). Ineffectual managers tend to have poor communication skills as they do not listen to what the employees have to say and do not share their thoughts with them (Gallos, 2008). Decisions made by such managers are unilateral and employees cannot express their dissatisfaction and this impacts negative on the entity’s performance. There are those managers that lack authority and may fail to apply influential skills to face the problems in the organization. Managers who do not address the attitudes and feelings of employees are likely to fail as they face looming resistance from the employees. Conflict among employees is inevitable and managers should be prepared to deal with such situations once they arise. Employee conflicts have been an increasing phenomenon in the modern world owing to increasing diversity in the present times (Moley, Pietri and Mosley, 2010). If managers do not have the skills to handle employee conflicts effectively, they will fail as the work place will become chaotic and this will adversely affect the manager’s performance. Precisely, the way a manager handles conflict determines whether they will succeed or fail. A considerable number of managers experience flourishing

Friday, November 15, 2019

2D Colloidal Nanocrystal for Optoelectronic and Solar Cell

2D Colloidal Nanocrystal for Optoelectronic and Solar Cell Novel 2D colloidal nanocrystal for optoelectronic and solar cell applications Recently, 2D material has attracted tremendous attention due to their fascinating physicochemical properties. Particularly, the discovery of graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a 2D honeycomb lattice has ignited the research on this class of 2D materials due to extraordinary mechanical, electric and optical properties not observed in their bulk counterparts. Considering graphene is a simple material composed of only carbon element, it cannot satisfy the increasing requirements of diverse applications due to limitations in the versatility and the tunability of composition, structure and functionality in addition to the paradox between the high-mobility Fermi−Dirac electronic structure and the need for a size-dependent band gap for traditional semiconductor devices. As a result, of paramount importance and interest is to search alternative 2D materials which possess much more flexibility and diversity of composition, structure, and functionality. Layered metal di chalcogenides such as WS2 and MoS2 have been extensively investigated. Like graphite, the atoms within the host layers form strong covalent bonding with relatively weaker interactions between layers such as van der Waals force. Consequently, micromechanical cleavage by Scotch-tape is the most straightforward method to obtain an individual layer while retaining their intrinsic host structure. Though it is crucial to evaluate their physical properties, this approach is time-consuming and the yield is also low. More recently, a direct liquid exfoliation where a suitable solvent is selected to stabilize cleaved crystallites was proposed to produce nanosheets. This process, comprised of ion-exchange, osmotic swelling, and exfoliation, is useful, but the concentration of unilamellar nanosheet in the solution is still very low with the yield no more than a few tens of percentage and the properties of the resulting nanosheets are dictated by their parent 3D materials, which loses the opport unities to design and control over chemical composition and structure. In order to meet the demand for fabrication of functional nanostructured electronic and optoelectronic devices, a facile process to produce large amount of 2D nanocrystal (NC) with possibility of tuning the properties is really imperative. Colloidal chemical synthetic route has been demonstrated highly attractive and powerful for their low-cost synthesis to obtain NCs from solution in excellent yield with a good uniformity in terms of chemical composition, surface properties, shape, and size. The complete control over size, shape and structure of the colloidal NCs via tuning reaction chemistry provides new pathways to design material where size or shape dependent properties can be exploited. In this project, the metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2 and WS2, typically with a trilayer structure of covalently interconnected layers of S, M, and S atoms, will be the main candidates. High performance solar cells built from them in 2D NC form is the final goal. As such, colloidal synthetic route will require balance of the reagent choice and reaction chemistry to accurately control the growth in the NC. All the advantages of 2D colloidal NCs will be exploited to fabricate solar cells in low cost while retaining efficiencies towards 10%. The objectives of this proposal are as follows: Develop colloidal synthetic routes for 2D colloidal NCs. Balance the reagent choice and ligand chemistry to achieve NC growth with controllable size, shape, and particularly thickness. Assemble 2D colloidal NCs to device scale area and perform correlative material studies with electronic properties (carrier lifetime, photoluminescence, carrier mobility). Fabricate all-inorganic NC solar cells and optimize in the device parameter space towards high power conversion efficiency. The project will be divided into three work packages (WPs) with a number of tasks in each WP structured to achieve the aims and objectives. Work Package 1 Controllable synthesis Task 1.1 Develop colloidal synthetic routes to 2D semiconductor NCs. Hot-injection method which involves the injection of a cold solution of precursor molecules into hot liquid will be employed due to the instantaneous formation of nuclei with slow growth of the existing nuclei but not to new nucleation for well controlled size and thickness. The product will be separated by centrifuging and washed up for characterization and analysis by XRD, electron diffraction and HRTEM for structure, and EDS and Raman for chemical composition. Task 1.2 Monitor and control the thickness, doping and their effect on the optical properties. Unlike 0D and 1D NC, in addition to control over composition and structure of 2D NCs, of particular interest is to rationally design and tune the thickness-dependent optical and electronic properties. For example, few-layer MoS2 has an indirect bandgap, but when it is thinned to single-layer, it becomes direct bandgap leading to enhanced photoluminesence. In this task we will monitor the effects of the thickness distribution particularly on absorption and photoluminescence (lifetime and QY). The latter will also be used as a metric to decide on the more promising routes for device fabrication, focusing on highly PL materials as the most promising candidates. In addition, substitutional or interstitial doping of metal sites within 2D NC may be employed to engineer optical characteristics. Work Package 2 Optoelectronic Properties of NC solids The presence of covalently bound ligands on the surface of colloidal NC provide a versatile synthetic handle for tailoring the structure, stability, and importantly electronic and optical properties. The deviation of composition and atom arrangement along the terminating edge and corner sites of 2D colloidal NCs also offers another way to tune their properties. One of the key determinant factors of the performance of solar cells is the carrier mobility. In this task we will investigate ligand exchange strategies using ligands that are shorter than 0.3 nm and contain functional head groups such as di-thiol groups and carboxyl-acid based groups. At the same time those functional groups should serve to passivate dangling bonds and therefore their electron-donating density will be chosen accordingly. We will monitor the effect of those ligands on carrier mobility by performing CELIV measurements in diode structures resembling an actual solar cell device architecture as well as using FET mobility measurements. In addition to high carrier mobilities NC solids for efficient solar cells call for long carrier lifetimes. Such long lifetimes can be achieved by suppressing trap states and recombination centers typically caused at grain boundaries and interfaces. The role of this task is to monitor the degree of passivation of the ligands utilized with Photoluminescence and PL-lifetime measurements. Work Package 3 Photovoltaic device fabrication, testing and optimizing Task 3.1 We will develop simple Schottky and bilayer heterostructures in which the sole photoactive layer is the 2D NC which can be achieved by using a transparent n-type high bandgap semiconductor to form a junction. We will then perform carrier lifetime and recombination-rate characterization employing transient photovoltage and photocurrent measurements. Task 3.2 Optimization of heterojunctions based on 2D NCs. We will perform a device optimization study in which we will study the effect of layer thickness and contact selection to maximize efficiency. The optimized thickness will be sought as a combination of the expected carrier diffusion length and achievable depletion widths based on the mobility, lifetime and carrier density of the semiconductor. Appropriate contacts will be investigated based either on inorganic (MoOx) or organic hole transport layers (electron blocking layers).

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Truman Show Essay example -- Papers

'The Truman Show' is the story of a baby who is bought by a television company at birth. He becomes the star of the television programme, but he has no idea that his life is being filmed. All the people in his life, such as his wife, best friend, and colleagues are actors. There are no set scripts. There are three different worlds shown in the film: Truman's world, the producer's world, and the real world when we see the viewers watching the programme in the homes. The film starts when Truman is twenty-nine. We see him begin to become suspicious, by odd occurrences, such as a light falling from the sky, the way his friends and family advertise things, and people that accidentally get on the show and tell him things. Truman has always wanted to travel, but obviously he can't because the set of 'The Truman Show' is only one town. He saw his father 'die' whilst they were sailing together, and the fictional director of 'The Truman Show' did this so Truman would be thalassophobic, and wouldn't want to travel that way. Eventually he wants to get out of the town because of all these suspicions, and he gets delayed for ages trying to go by car. He plucks up the courage to go by boat and after sailing for a while he hits a backdrop with clouds painted on it. Christof's voice is heard and he speaks to Truman, though he can't be seen. He tries to persuade Truman to stay in the world he created for him, and tells him that he is the star of a television show. Truman finds a door, and after some conversing with Christof, he leaves. The director's intentions ------------------------- Peter Weir was the director of the film, 'The Tru... ...ch as a busy pub all watching, the two old ladies, the security guards, the man in the bath, and Sylvia. We also see shots from the producers control room, so in this last sequence we see from all of the three worlds that we se at different stages in the film. Up until now, the different worlds are shown, but they're quite spaced out in the film. In this last sequence, we see them a lot more regularly, instead of just Truman's. It almost seems that we see from the audience more to show that Truman is going to be in that world soon. People from the different worlds are coming together, because Truman's left, and the production team will all be out of jobs. This is important because there is a lot in the film saying that the real world is a bad place, but in the end it's where we all come from, and where we all belong.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

A Review of the Work and Play poem By Ted Hughes

This poem is about a comparison between a swallow and human beings that are on a day trip. The swallow, is at work in the poem and is feeling content. The humans, however, are supposed to be relaxing and having fun, but they feel miserable instead. With this, there is irony here with the title, as the swallow is working but having fun. The writer, I feel, is being biased in his poem. He tends to be in favour of the swallow. The poem is describing the people as ‘polluting' the environment. The message of the poem is that we shouldn't destroy our environment and our health by ‘baking' ourselves under the sun. The poem talks about the tourists arriving and then leaving unhappily. The writer is also describing the swallow's day, what it does to entertain itself and returning to its home at night. The poem is split into four, unequal stanzas. The first three stanzas, start off with a description of the swallow and then humans. The last stanza, however, starts off with a description of the humans and then the swallow. This makes us stop, think and more eager to finish the poem, as it's a change of pattern. The writer, perhaps wants to leave the reader with a positive and happy image rather than a negative and discomforting image. In the first three stanzas, the end of the two longest lines rhyme, forming a sort of rhyming couplet, e. g. â€Å"†¦ dust† and â€Å"†¦ bust† in the first stanza. In the first stanza, the writer, uses alliteration in the first phrase, â€Å"The swallow of summer, she toils all the summer† the use of ‘s' words. This gives the line a sort of rhythm to it. The metaphor, â€Å"A blue-dark knot of glittering voltage,† gives us this impression of a bright, powerful and energetic image of the swallow. The word, ‘glittering' also gives us an image of the swallow's shiny feathers. A whiplash swimmer†¦ † gives us a sense of the swallow's speed, rapid. Then the poet writes, â€Å"But†¦ † which is used at the beginning of each of the human's description in the first three stanzas, a form of repetition. The poem gives us a happy, positive image, when describing the swallow, at the start of the first three stanzas. Then, he uses ‘But' when starting to describe the humans, which start to give us a miserable and gloomy feel towards the humans. The writer, uses the metaphor ‘Serpent' to describe the long line of cars trying to get through traffic. This is a good metaphor to use because, if you are looking from a birds-eye view, the roof of the cars, looks like the scales of a snake. There is also, how the cars move along the swerving roads, like how a snake moves. â€Å"†¦ that crawls through the dust† this metaphor, gives us an image of the slow moving cars. A serpent, is a venomous creature, a sign of evil, the devil, which is a sign, that the writer is being biased in his poem. The phrases â€Å"shimmering exhaust† and â€Å"its fever in ocean† are telling us that they've already polluted the water before they, the humans, have even arrived there. In the second stanza, the writer uses a metaphor, â€Å"†¦ the barbed harpoon† in the first line, to describe the swallow. This gives us an impression of the swallow's impact and body shape, as she dives in. The writer uses alliteration in the second line, â€Å"†¦ flings from the furnace† and the word ‘flings' creates a sense of movement, it makes the reader read with expression. The metaphor, â€Å"†¦ a rainbow of purples† creates an attractive image for the reader. In the third line, he uses alliteration again, â€Å"†¦ he pond and is perfect† and this is creating a positive image. In the description of the humans, he uses repetition, â€Å"But the serpent of cars†¦ † to make you remember it, so it stays in your head that negative feeling. Another metaphor used is, â€Å"Disgorges its organs† which is referring to the people, making their way out of the cars, like a snake, shedding its skin, this is giving us another unpleasant image. The two similes used, â€Å"Which roll like tomatoes† and â€Å"Nude as tomatoes† gives us a negative image of these large, lazy, sunburnt people, lying on the beach. With sand in their creases† gives us an uncomfortable feeling. The word ‘cringe' in the last line gives this embarrassed feeling, a negative feeling. The writer, is clearly using a lot of negative images to bring out his message. The onomatopoeic word ‘screech' is used to give us an image of the negative sounds on the beach, the people's discomfort. In the third stanza, the writer uses a lot of alliteration in the first two lines. The use of the ‘s' words, ‘swallow', ‘summer' is a bit onomatopoeic, producing a sense of the bird's movement. He uses the word ‘seamstress' to describe the swallow, meaning a dressmaker. This metaphor is used to show how she sews something using the sky and water as her material, which makes it now an extended metaphor. In the third line, it is describing its movement, the twists and swerves. The word ‘draws' provide a long sound and the word ‘knots' provide an abrupt, short sound, perhaps showing the swallow's movement, gliding and then halting abruptly. The writer then uses ‘But' again and brings back the negative image. The humans are described as † †¦ aid out like wounded† the metaphor is showing their pain in sunburn, laid out in rows, endangering themselves, like a line of wounded soldiers. The metaphors, â€Å"Flat as in ovens† and â€Å"Roasting and basting† gives us the impression they are being cooked. They're being compared to cooking meat. The word ‘basting' is describing the humans putting on sun cream and there's a bi t of irony between the way we cook meat. The word ‘torment' shows us their agony and the word ‘blue' gives us an impression of the heat, as hot as a blue flame and the sun's harmful rays. The lack of language in the description of the humans makes the reader read with one breath, leaving them in discomfort, to perhaps experience how the humans are actually feeling. The line â€Å"Their heads are transistors† is describing their heads as being heat damaged and they're like robots, moving a limited amount. â€Å"Their teeth grit on sand grains† is sort of a repetition of the line â€Å"with sand in their creases† in the second stanza, to remind us of the humans agony. The hyperbole and metaphor, â€Å"Man eating flies† shows us their annoyance and pain with the insects. Their ‘electric shock needles' make conditions worse, more pain, the physical horror of it all and it gives us a diseased image, another negative image. In the last stanza, there is use of alliteration, â€Å"They can climb in their cars†¦ † The word ‘climb' is used to describe how the humans get into their cars, showing their tiredness. The repetition with, â€Å"†¦ raw bodies, raw faces† provides us with an image of these sunburnt people, the colour of raw meat, blood red and the repetition ‘hammers' this image into our heads. The line, â€Å"And headache it homeward† gives us an impression of these tired and hot people returning home. The metaphor and hyperbole â€Å"a car full of squabbles† and the line, â€Å"And sobbing and stickiness† shows us this negative image of how the children in the car, are moaning and throwing tantrums. Then, the writer is using repetition again, â€Å"With sand in their crannies† a similar description is used in the previous two stanzas. It shows us that even though they are going home, they still feel uncomfortable. The line â€Å"Inhaling petroleum† brings us back to the message of the poem, with the humans polluting the planet. The writer describes it as pouring out from the ‘foxgloves'. Foxgloves are poisonous flowers. The writer here is perhaps comparing the exhaust to these flowers. The flowers produce a poison, venom, which a serpent produces also, one damages your health and the other damages the environment, they are both dangerous. The poem then moves on to describing how the swallow returns home. Alliteration is used again, â€Å"The swallow of summer, cartwheeling through the crimson,† to give the line a rhythm. The word ‘cartwheeling' gives us this image of the bird flying home with happiness, through ‘crimson', this is describing the wonderful sunset, the orange, yellow and red background. Touches the honey-slow river and turning† the word ‘honey' gives us a sweet image. The river is a honey colour, due to the sun's crimson rays reflecting onto the water. The writer wants to leave us with a pleasant image at the end of the poem. The swallow is described as ‘hand stretched' when returning to its home. The words are showing us that the swallow is welcome d back, it is also perhaps referring to God's hands reaching out to this wonderful creature he has created. The humans, however, â€Å"†¦ headache it homeward† Nobody welcomed them home, their journey home, was destroying the environment. The last line of the poem, † A boomerang of rejoicing shadow. † leaves the reader in content but also thinking about the whole message of the poem. The metaphor used, ‘boomerang' is a good metaphor to use because a boomerang always returns when it's thrown. The writer has used three different, but similar and powerful metaphors to describe the swallow. The three metaphors he has used, has provided us with a powerful image of the swallow. The swallow is rejoicing because, everyone has left, her day is over and now she can relax with happiness. I think, this poem has really made me think, that a day out can really cause so much danger to us and to our planet. The irony of the poem, makes you think that a swallow who works hard can still be so happy with its life and there's us, who laze about and is feeling unhappy, so why do we do it? The writer has used a lot of good descriptive metaphors and similes in his poem. I liked the metaphors he used when describing the humans on the beach, â€Å"Are laid out like wounded†, â€Å"Flat as in ovens† and â€Å"Roasting and Basting†. It really emphasises the whole idea of the humans endangering their lives for some pleasure but they still feel unhappy at the same time. Ted Hughes has really shown his point of view about the situation. He has done this by showing such negative images when describing the humans, making out that the humans have been put on this planet just to destroy it and the animals are living how God would like the humans to live. The way, how the poem is structured to how the writer wants the reader to feel, is a good effect. This brings some realism to the poem and it involves the reader more.

Friday, November 8, 2019

imperialism essays

imperialism essays During most of the 19th century, our national policy was isolationism, meaning that we would steer clear of all foreign affairs. The policy was constructed and put into effect due to George Washington's Farewell Address. He stated that since we are a small, young country, we should not get involved in foreign affairs. However, after western expansion out to the pacific coast, in the late 19th century, we began looking overseas. Our country felt that expansion overseas was not only necessary, but demanded in order to have power. At the same time, not everyone agreed towards overseas expansion, and that caused great disagreement within the country. Now we look back, and the question is, was the United States justified in becoming an imperialistic power? I believe the US was. Based on several sources, I think we were justified. In document 1, Alfred Mahan, a Navy Officer and supporter of imperialism, stated why we needed to expand internationally. Before the start of the Spanish American war, Mahan wrote a book called The Interest of America in Sea Power. In it, he states that we must begin to look outward because of the growing production of our country, our location between Asia and Europe demands it, and the public feelings demands it. Mahan was helpful in creating the Great White Fleet. His reasoning's for why we should expand revolved around the Navy. While growing would protect us, like Mahan wanted, it would also help us in other aspects. In Document 6, we see that if we acquire the countries in the pacific, we will be closer to China. China has excellent trading privileges for us. In China, there were spheres of influence, where certain countries had special trading advantages. We also issued the Open Door Policy allowing trade throughout China f or all. Besides having markets and trading, from acquiring these "stepping stones" in the pacific, we will also gain military strength for forces and we'll be able refuel and repair our ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Othello Essays (953 words) - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio, Roderigo

Othello Essays (953 words) - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio, Roderigo Othello Othello - A Racist Play? Although there are lots of things to suggest this is a racist play I don't think that racism actually dominates the play, even though it has a racist theme. There is a romantic union between black and white which gets destroyed because most people think the relationship is wrong. At the time the play was written, 1604, even the Queen of England was racist so there must have been a strong hatred of blacks around that time. Most racist comments in the play are said by people that are angry or upset. For example, when Emilia found out that Othello had killed Desdemona she was extremely mad and she called Othello a Blacker devil, this was the only time in the play that she had said anything racist about Othello. The main characters that have racist attitudes are Iago, Brabantio, Roderigo and Emilia, with the hatred of Othello as the basis for their racist actions and comments towards him. Iago is the most racist character in the book as he has it in for Othello right from the start. What sparks off Iago's hate towards him is the fact that when Othello chose his lieutenant , it was Cassio who was chosen instead of Iago. What made Iago angry was the fact that Cassio had no experience in war when he did and Cassio was chosen instead of him. Iago does not say anything racist to Othello's face but he has a lot to say against him behind his back. He schemes to destroy Othello and anything in his way including Cassio and Desdemona. The first time we hear one of his racist comments is when he's talking to Brabantio about Othello and Desdemona, Even now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Iago says this to try and turn Brabantio against Othello. Iago uses racist comments all the way through the play, as he tries to turn people against Othello, for example calling him a Barbary Horse. He never says anything racist to Othello's face because in his plot he had to be his best friend, so as not to make him suspicious that Iago was causing all the trouble for him. Iago is jealous of Othello for many reasons, one being that Othello has higher ranking in the army than him, and also he has a good marriage with Desdemona which Iago does not have himself with Emilia. These are the main causes of his hatred for Othello and the reason he adopts such a racist attitude. Roderigo is another one of the racist characters in the play, being so right from the start. He is Iago's accomplice and will do anything that Iago wants him to. I think he does this because of the way Iago can twist a situation to make it sound as if Roderigo would get something good from it but in the end he doesn't. One of the racist names he calls Othello behind his back is Thick-lips . He hates Othello because he's jealous of him as he also loves Desdemona but cannot have her. I don't think he views Othello in a very bad, racist way but uses the racism against Othello because he's jealous of him. Neither Roderigo or Iago would say anything racist to Othello's face as he is the general of the army. Brabantio is also a racist character, and is enraged when he finds out that his daughter, Desdemona, has been seeing the moor behind his back. Brabantio is so mad he sends out his guards to catch Othello and put him in prison. Brabantio views Othello as a foul and dirty no good black, I think this racist view of his is because he's angry when he finds out that his daughter has been seeing this moor. Unlike Iago and Roderigo, Brabantio will openly make racist comments about Othello to his face such as, lascivious moor, Wheeling stranger. Brabantio can do this because he is the Senator of Venice and is higher in rank than Othello. The other character who is racist towards Othello is Emilia, the lady in waiting to Desdemona. Emilia is disgusted with Othello when she finds out that Othello had killed Desdemona this is the

Sunday, November 3, 2019

One mans obscenity is another mans bedtime reading. (Geoffrey Essay

One mans obscenity is another mans bedtime reading. (Geoffrey RobertsonConsider whether the UK law of obscenity should be abolished or reformed in relation to literature or film - Essay Example may â€Å"tend to deprave or corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all the relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it.† This definition has been derived from the case of R v Hicklin2 where the Plaintiff Henry Scott was charged for publishing an offensive, anti-Catholic booklet. The decision of the trial Court finding Hicklin guilty was reversed by the higher Court who upheld Hicklin’s argument that the intent behind the publication of the booklet was not to corrupt and deprave. This decision was however reversed by the Queen’s Bench which held that the intention was immaterial if the matter was obscene. This case set a precedent wherein selected passages from a work could be examined out of context to determine obscenity and if found, the entire work could be removed from public consumption. This standard of obscenity has since been revised in subsequent cases. Two of these important cases are Roth v United States3, in which Mary Dennett, a birth control activist was held accountable in the same manner as Scott was in the Hicklin case, of publishing a booklet that was deemed to be obscene. The Supreme Court however did not find the work to fulfil the criteria of â€Å"depraving and corrupting† the reader of the material, because it essentially constituted sex education which was presented in an acceptable way. Thus, this case established that when an obscene passage is viewed in the context of the entire work which on the whole was presented decently, it would not be classified as obscene. The Court also raised the important issue of protection of the First amendment rights to freedom of speech guaranteed under the United States Constitution, which would have been violated if a decision had been made to ban the work purely on the basis of some passages that some readers found obscene. This case has thus raised two important issues that rose in opposition to the argument in support of a finding of

Friday, November 1, 2019

CHILDHOOD OBESITY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

CHILDHOOD OBESITY - Research Paper Example s learn about the childhood obesity problem is essential in equipping the students with the best practices for intervention in the issue of childhood obesity. The findings are important since they emphasize the interventions nurses should play in addressing the issue of childhood obesity. Berkowitz, B., & Borchard, M. (2009). Advocating for the Prevention of Childhood Obesity: A Call to Action for Nursing. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14(1), 2-9. Retrieved March 20, 2014, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol142009/No1Jan09/Prevention-of-Childhood-Obesity.html Like the work carried out by Ben-Sefer (2012), these two authors engage in another systemic review although they focus on literature related to childhood obesity and nurses’ interventions in the population. Hence, the authors offer a background for the discussion of childhood obesity by examining factors contributing to overweight and obesity in children and investigate the intervention roles of nurses and their intervention strategies. The authors conclude that literature supports the important intervention role of nurses in a family-based approach that focuses on advocacy, development of skills among parents, and collaborative leadership with families in order to establish healthy living among children and prevent obesity at a young age. Hence, the article is an important component of my study as it accentuates the fact that nurses have an intervention role to play. Bohman, B., Ghaderi, A., & Rasmussen, F. (2013). Training in Methods of Preventing Childhood Obesity Increases Self-efficacy in Nurses in Child Health Services: AÂÂ  Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior , pii: S1499-4046(13), 00691-X. This is a quasi-experimental study that involved a randomized, controlled trial conducted in child health services in Sweden with 60 nurse practitioners of which 38 subjects were control

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Educational Paradigms and Models Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Educational Paradigms and Models - Assignment Example Also, students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to engage in complicated paths in school, for example, restarting or repeating their programs due to economic issues. They may also be forced to defer their enrollment in school due to financial difficulties. This may have a negative impact on the number of students in the school and the performance of the school in general. Moreover, students from poor families suffer from poor nutrition because they cannot afford meals that contain a balanced diet. As a result, their memory and attention during instruction may be affected, thus leading to a decreased intelligence quotient score than students from wealthy households (Darling-Hammond, 2010). The Effects of Moral Order Factors on Schools Moral order factors in schools may be attained using several approaches. One strategy is to establish a code of conduct that will highlight rules of action for every condition. Such a code requires a procedure of execution. The mor al order factors under this approach will require schools to have a standard-setting authority. In addition, schools will be compelled to have control systems and agents to the people who are required to abide by these regulations. Also, the individuals who are subjected to the code of conduct will be required to seek more detailed rules or norms for each and every specified case which will be encountered in the school. In addition, the moral order factors will require being continuously moderated to meet the changing situations in the school environment. Moral order factors will also empower and enable people to individually make the right choices and pursue the required way of life, even at the cost of sacrificing their instantaneous desires. Additionally, moral order factors will require a distinctive frame of reference for moral education in schools. Consequently, this will lead to high attachment to school enhanced, school attendance and performance, and elevated commitment to schooling. The Effects of School Board Leadership on Schools School board leadership has a number of effects on schools. School board leadership leads to satisfactory leadership and management of the schools. The board of a school holds the school accountable for its performance. The school board leadership is also active, and this has a positive impact on the development and work of different schools. In addition, a school which is led by a school board has a positive impact on its members of staff. School board leadership makes the principal give sound leadership making all members of staff committed to both the school and to further development. As a result, learning and teaching become satisfactory. Also, school board leadership makes the principal firm, inspirational and focused. This motivates the staff to meet the learners’ educational needs and make significant progress. A highly experienced school board may also offer unlimited advice for the progress of the school a nd support the initiatives executed by the principal (Fullan, 2010).  Ã‚  

Monday, October 28, 2019

Sallust and the Fall of Rome Essay Example for Free

Sallust and the Fall of Rome Essay Sallust also said â€Å"at home they lived frugally and never betrayed a friend†. This means they were always kind and never betrayed anyone. This was all before money became a factor. Sallust could see that Rome was becoming greedy and started to care only about money and knew Rome was going to collapse. He said â€Å"as soon as wealth came to be a mark of distinction and an easy way to renown, military commands and political power, virtue began to decline†. This was before the actual fall of Rome but it was absolutely correct. Rome began to fall apart over money and never went back. They ended up fighting themselves over money and that allowed others to take over. Sallust also said â€Å"such men, it seems to me, have treated their wealth as a mere plaything: instead of making honorable use of it, they have shamefully misused it on the first wasteful project that occurred to them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This sums up how the thought of money as a toy and used it on the first thing they saw. This greed made Rome fall. Rome was the greatest empire of its time but all things come to an end. Some things ended with war or disease but Rome fell because of the greed of the people there. Greed never leads to anything good and this is probably the best example of that in history. Sallust was completely right when he predicted the fall of Rome over money but no one listened and that was the end of Rome.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Witches, Supernatural, and Evil in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Witches and  Evil in Macbeth    No discussion of evil in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth would be satisfactory without considering its’ most famous symbols of evil: the coven of witches whose interactions with Macbeth play such a vital role in his thinking about his own life. Banquo and Macbeth recognize them as something supernatural, part of the landscape but not fully human inhabitants of it. They have malicious intentions and prophetic powers. And yet they are not active agents in the sense that they do nothing other than talk and offer visions and potions. The witches have no power to compel. If we are to explore the significance of these witches we must do so by treating them as vital poetic symbols in the play, essential manifestations of the moral atmosphere of Macbeth's world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most obvious interpretation of the witches is to see them as manifestations of evil in the world. They exist to tempt and torment people, to challenge their faith in themselves and their society. They work on Macbeth by equivocation, that is, by ambiguous promises of some future state. These promises come true, but not in the way that the victim originally believed. The witches thus make their appeal to Macbeth's and Banquo's desire to control their own future, to direct it towards some desirable ends. They have no power to compel belief, but they can obviously appeal strongly to an already existing inclination to force one's will onto events in order to shape the future to fit one deepest desires.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Banquo's importance in the play stems, in large part, from his different response to these witches. Like Macbeth, he is strongly tempted, but he does not let his desires outweigh his moral caution: But 'tis strange, And oftentimes to win us to our harm The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles to betray's In deepest consequence. (1.3.120-124)    Macbeth cannot act on this awareness because his desires (kept alive by his active imagination and his wife's urging) constantly intrude upon his moral sensibilities. Hence, he seizes upon the news that he has just been made Thane of Cawdor, using that information to tell him what he most wants to believe, that the witches tell the truth. This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Define personality & motivation

Personalities are usually described as how introverted or extroverted someone is. And introvert is someone who is usually more quiet and thoughtful whereas as an extrovert is someone who is more loud and excitable. If you are either introvert or extrovert it often affects the types of sport you like e. G. And introvert character would usually play something Like tennis as it's a sport they can play as one and not In a team, an extrovert person would usually Like team sports more such as football and rugby. Introverts enjoy sports with more concentration, precision with intricate skills.Introvert characters are usually more self-motivated. Extroverts tend to enjoy sports which are faster paced, exciting and where you need a lower concentration. These are usually team sports and they tend to be motivated by others around them. Extroverted people are often Involved in sports which require a degree of aggression. There are 2 types of aggression: Indirect aggression – this means ta king out your aggression on an object. Direct aggression – The aggression is in the direction of another player. It involves physical contact such as a rugby tackle or in wrestling or boxing.Essence's theory – The Essence's theory was thought of by a German man who Identified two dimensions f personality which act as continuous, with an individual's personality falling anywhere along the two lines, as shown below These two dimensions are stable/unstable and introverted/extroverted. For example, if an Individual Is introverted (shy of social contact) but stable, they are likely to be reliable, calm and controlled. An extroverted (enjoys social affiliation) unstable individual is likely to be tough, aggressive and excitable. Rationality, there are 3 different types of body types; Stepmother – these are people with a tall slim figure, Sheldon thought these people tended to be more Self- unconscious, tense, private (keeps to themselves), and introverted. Endomorphis m – these people are shorter and are a bit fatter, Sheldon thought these people were more tolerant, sociable and relaxed. Monochromes – these are people who have broad shoulders and are more muscular, Sheldon thought these people were more extrovert, assertive, and are risk takers.The Giordano theory (trait theory) – this theory is split into to 2, there are 2 types of people Type A and Type B. Type A – these are more introvert people which enjoy their own company, they have a strong desire to succeed, they like control, often suffers tress and are never happy with what they have (they always want more). Being a type A person will benefit their performance if they are doing a sport which involves only themselves. Type B – these tend to be more extrovert people who are more laid back and happy with what they have, they're less competitive and often work at a slower pace.They do not enjoy control and they're able to relax easily. Being a type B perso n will often benefit them if they're playing a team sports and where they can have the help of others. Motivation – a reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way. There are several theories to do with motivation, these include; The attribution theory – a belief required overtime that one has no control over events and that failure is inevitable / out of their hands. It's a feeling of hopelessness.There are 3 attribution categories these are stability, locus of casualty, locus of control. These 3 categories all go two ways. Stability – you can either be stable or unstable. Locus of casualty – you can either be internal or external. Locus of control – the person can either be in control of themselves or out of control of themselves. Athlete's that attribute their performance outcome to stable internal factors such as effort and ability and to factors under their control are more likely to achieve in sport.Athlete's that attribute the ir performance outcome to unstable-external factors such as luck and difficulty and to factors out of their control are more likely to fail in sport and as they have no goals set out for themselves. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the body, therefore it will be the performer driving themselves to be better. Intrinsic people tend to be able to overcome tasks eave goals set out for themselves to keep progress and maintain motivation. They will have a feeling of pride and enjoyment in their performing the skill.I believe it's better for a performer to be intrinsic because its they are driving themselves to better, they want to be better, therefore they will get better. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the performer. These are things which can encourage the athlete to perform and fall into two groups: Tangible rewards: These are physical rewards like medals, trophies and money. These should not be used as much with young athletes o avoid a situation where winning a priz e is more important than competing.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Argonatica

The epic poem highlights the hero Jason, and his quest for the Golden Fleece. According to the myth, Jason and fifty other renowned members of Greece set out for the fleece so that Jason could earn back his father's kingdom. Jason is a particularly interesting hero because he often displays qualities of an efficient leader. This is distinct compared to other heroes, such as Hercules, who are better known as warriors rather than leaders.Apollonius' epic would lay the groundwork for the works of Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Virgil. The Golden Fleece was the item which Jason, with the help of the Argonauts, was forced to retrieve. The origin of the Golden Fleece begins with Phrixus and Helle, the children of Athamus, and the goddess Nephele. When Athamas remarried, the children's stepmother, Ino, became Jealous of them and plotted to get rid of Phrixus and his sister. Ino persuaded two messengers to say that that the oracle required the sacrifice of Phrixus to restore ertility to the fiel ds.Before Phrixus could be sacrificed, however, Nephele sent a golden ram which carried both children off through the air. Helle fell into the Hellespont, but Phrixus arrived safely at Colchis, where he married the daughter of King Aeetes. Phrixus sacrificed the ram to Zeus, and gave its pelt (the Golden Fleece) to Aeetes. Aeetes placed the fleece in an oak tree, where it remained. Then Jason's Father Aeson, was driven from power and killed by his brother Pelias. Jason death is aked and the child is sent away to be taught by the centaur Chiron.Jason returns later to reclaim his throne. However, an oracle warns Pelias that he will die at the hands of one of his relatives and that he should be wary of a man wearing only one sandal. Pelias informs Jason that he would give up his throne if Jason would set out and retrieve the Golden Fleece. The Argonautica begins as Jason is assembling a crew for the Argo. The Argo was the boat which was built by Argos for the Journey. It was slightly l arger than most ships at the time. In many ways the author Apollonius does not highlight the true heroism of Jason.Jason, through the author's description, does not appear as heroic as he really was. The definition of a Greek tragic hero is a man who is neither a pure man nor one who receives his fate as a result of his wickedness, but because of some mistake. From this it can be derived that the tragic hero must be both mortal, and human, and one who receives his fate as a result of error rather than as retribution. In both these instances Jason is a tragic hero ecause he is neither a perfect man nor a terrible man and he dies as a result of mortal mistakes as opposed to retribution.In the case of Jason, his tragic flaw is being too dependent on others. Jason tragic end begins as a result of Medea, who kills Pelias and forces Jason to flee his father's former kingdom after the Journey. Medea then kills Jason's sons and flees after Jason married another woman. Apollonius does not me ntion this part of the myth in his epic. In this way the true entirety of the definition is not fulfilled by the epic. Argonatica By Ibeaulieu

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

The Use and Abuse of Antibioti essays

The Use and Abuse of Antibioti essays What is an antibiotic? What is this miracle drug that everyone talks about? There is a lot about antibiotics that we should all be more aware of. The word antibiotic actually means anti-life. The most common definition that we use for an antibiotic is: any substance produced by a microorganism that harms or kills another microorganism. There are many different kinds of antibiotic substances, most of them are natural products that certain bacteria and fungi (molds) produce and send outside of their cells. About 90% of the antibiotics we use today, are originated from bacteria. However there are a couple of antibiotics that were created from scratch in laboratory. These totally synthetic antibiotics are designed to inhibit some process previously identified to be completely unique to bacteria, and necessary for the bacterium to remain alive. Bacterium in the wild suffers a constant competition for available nutrients. Therefore if they can develop a substance that can cripple or annihilate their competitors then they have an advantage. So, even though these microorganisms do not have the ability to decide what substance to produce, through several mutations and additional events, they are capacitated to compete and consequently to survive more readily within their environment. We use antibiotics for a different purpose, of course, to help us kill harmful bacteria that cause us infection and disease. Scottish physician Alexander Fleming rediscovered in 1928 what Ernest Duchesne, a French Student, had initially discovered in 1896; the first and most famous fungus, Penicillium, which conceived the first identified microbial antibiotic, penicillin. Commercial methods for penicillin for human use were only developed in 1941 at the time of World War II. Howard Floerey and Ernst Chain made a major effort to try to make penicillin available to all of the British, U.S., and other allies in...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Russias Approach to Peacekeeping Resembles Neo-imperialism †Government Essay

Russias Approach to Peacekeeping Resembles Neo-imperialism – Government Essay Free Online Research Papers Russias Approach to Peacekeeping Resembles Neo-imperialism Government Essay Russian peacekeeping operations have been described by McNeill as â€Å"intervention disguised as peacekeeping missions† (1997). In the early nineties there was a large body of writers arguing that post-Soviet Russian peacekeeping operations were aimed at expanding Russia and consolidating a powerbase throughout the region and subduing the newly independent states of the Transcausas and Central Asia. This essay examines this argument in relation to two case studies of Russian military intervention, Moldova and Tajikistan. The accusation by McNeill that Russian peacekeeping amounts to little more than self-interested military intervention is one that must be rejected upon further analysis of Russian operations as is demonstrated below. After examining the situation it becomes clear that Russia is pursuing a foreign policy that is far from unilateral and self-serving and no different from what any other state would do in a similar situation. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR resulted in a huge shift in the structure of international relations, with balance of power shifting from a bipolar system to a unipolar, or multipolar one depending on one’s point of view (Krauthammer 2002; Huntingdon 1999). This change in the global system and the demise of the USSR caused a large debate in the Russian Federation (RF) about what should constitute its new foreign policy in the post-Cold War era (Shakleina 1995: 83), both in relation to states of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and at a global level. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the severe economic crisis in Russia, it lost its place as a world superpower, having neither the military, economic or political strength to maintain such a position. The post-Cold War world has been characterized by ethnic tensions and regional conflicts, with civil and regional wars becoming the norm, for example the disintegration of Yugoslavia and conflict in Somalia (Nikitin 1996: 83). The greatest concern amongst policy makers is the stability and survival of the RF, threatened both internally and externally by ethnic conflicts. Rejecting the idea of having a concrete doctrine, the first Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation (RF) Kozyrez, instead claimed that Russia would adopt a flexible definition of its national interest, based on â€Å"reactions to specific situation[s]† (ibid.). During the early nineties policy makers involved in foreign policy were restricted in both numbers and outlooks, causing policy making to be a confused and fragmented area of the Russian government (Arbatov 1993: 8). Following the break-up of the USSR, there was no mechanism in place to deal with issues of collective security until 1996 when the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) agreed on guidelines, though this was after all the conflicts had started (Yermolaev 2000). Five points of justification for military action by Russia have b een identified by Holoboff: it must contribute to maintaining Russia’s position as a great power; protect ethnic Russians; prevent the spread of instability; secure Russian geopolitical interests and finally that it coincides with nationalist opinion (1994: pp156-157). For all the rhetoric of Russia as aspiring to play the role of regional hegemon by the West, it is difficult to see how these foreign policy aims are any different to most other states. This view is backed up when examining the examples of Russian intervention/peacekeeping. For the purposes of this essay the main focus will be upon the Yeltsin years, as it was during this era that all of the RF’s peacekeeping operations in â€Å"near abroad† were initiated. The term â€Å"near abroad† is used by Russian policy-makers to refer to the states of the FSU: the old Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs) of Central Asia, the Baltic and the Transcaucas (Aldred Smith 2000). The CIS was formed in 1991 in the final days of the Soviet Union, and was intended to be mainly an economic group, though there were also plans to develop it as a defense organization as well. However as with most groups of this nature it merely reflected existing power relationships, with Galeotti describing it as a â€Å"gigantic fig-leaf†, which Yeltsin could use or ignore as he chose (1995: 150). Critics of Western security policy could argue that in this respect it differs little from the US domination of NATO or the UN. The â€Å"near abroad† is not qu ite synonymous with the CIS as the Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have so far refused to join. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, 25 million ethnic Russians and 5 million Russian speakers found themselves living in the new states of the near abroad outside the boarders of the RF (Tolz 2001: 242). This diaspora has had a significant impact on Russian politics regarding the near abroad, especially in relation to peacekeeping operations (Kolsto, 1993: 198). As with most political concepts, the term â€Å"peacekeeping† has many different interpretations and meanings, resulting in states adopting differing interpretations regarding what can be classed as â€Å"peacekeeping† operations. This is one of the main issues of difference between Russian foreign policy and Western foreign policy, both in theory and in execution. Three key differences between the Russian and Western conception of peacekeeping have been identified by Nikitin (1996: 92). Firstly Russia has acted under a reduced mandate in all operations in the FSU. Instead of operating through the UN, it has been enough to have discussed peacekeeping with both, or even one of the conflicting sides and then only to agree in principal, rather than a full plan. Secondly there is no commitment to using military forces from a neutral party with no interests at stake in the conflict so as to avoid accusations of impartiality or the use of â€Å"peacekeeping† as a t ool for strategic gain (ibid.). The RF has believed that in several of conflicts detailed below that it is acting in a neutral position, as is not directly one of the two sides involved, however the many ties and linkages between the states of the FSU (Arbatov 1993: 7) make true neutrality impossible between any of the CIS states. Thirdly international observers should work separately, rather than alongside peacekeeping forces. Fourthly Nikitin argues that Russia is more concerned with peace-enforcement operations, rather than peacekeeping (1996: 92). These differences in policy help to account for some of the accusations of a neoimperialist agenda. Intervention has a range of definitions, from economic and political coercion by peaceful means to full scale military involvement in another sovereign states’ affairs (Halverson 1994: 76). The idea that Russia operates totally without regard to world opinion and without caring about UN legitimacy is is shown to be false on examination of the evidence. In 1994 Yeltsin claimed that the norms and principals of international law would be the basis of Russia’s foreign policy (Nikitin 1996: 86). Yeltsin also sought UN recognition that the FSU be accepted as part of the Russian sphere of influence and that she should be granted â€Å"special powers as guarantor of peace and stability in the regions of the former Union† (Yeltsin cited in Galeotti 1995: 180). This attempted to give international legitimacy to Russia pursuing an adaptation of the Monroe Doctrine, giving it free reign in its â€Å"backyard†. However this rhetoric was greatly weakened by Russia n actions in Eurasia contributing greatly to much of the instability (ibid.). In addition Holoboff argues that this was based on little more than Yeltsin trying to bolster public support for him by demonstrating that his sympathies lie with Russian’s in the near-abroad rather than with the West (1994: 170) Since 1990 Russia has been involved in four main â€Å"peacekeeping† operations in the area of the FSU; Moldova (1992), Georgia/Abkhazia (1992-), Georgia/South Ossetia (1992-) and Tajikistan (1992-) (Fleitz 2002: 117) and Chechnya within the RF (1994-). These have all been conflicts of secession based on ethnic, rather than political differences. Many of these conflicts were based on tensions that were suppressed in the USSR as the communist government attempt to unite all the ethnic groups of Russia and the CIS region under the banner of the socialist state (Treninl 2000). Yet the Soviet Union was in many ways a continuation of the Tsarist state, and Russians continued to dominate, especially in the SSRs, where ethnic Russians and Russian speakers were privileged over local ethnic groups. The idea of the Soviet Union as the union of many different nationalities was also predominantly the idea of Russians alone and many non-Russians in the outlying republics had a strong r esentment towards Moscow (Kolsto 1993: 198). Russian peacekeeping in these regions has differed greatly from Russian support for UN based missions, for example in Bosnia and Angola where Russian observers supported the UN missions (Yermolaev 2000). Reasons for Russia’s different approach to the near abroad are considered below. Russian peacekeeping operations in the Transdniestria region of Moldova have been one of the most controversial, due to the lack of adherence to international standards in peacekeeping. Following the independence of Moldova from the USSR in 1990 there were fears amongst the Russian section of the population that Moldova would seek to reunite with Romania (OSCE 1994: 1). The major ethnic group in Moldova are the Romanians, accounting for 65% of the population, in comparison Russians account for only 13% (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2004). In response to the adoption of Romanian as the official language protests developed in the Transdniestria area, resulting in the declaration of a â€Å"Transdniestrian Moldovan Republic† (OSCE 1994: 2). This area had a high level of communist sympathies and a low level of Romanians, with the result that the â€Å"elected† communist government was sympathetic to Moscow. Problems were caused by the Russian 14th Army, led by the hard-line conservative Major-General Lebed, openly siding with the secessionist opponents of the Moldovan government (Holoboff 1994: 163). The 14th Army also supplied weapons and training to civilians during the conflict, in contradiction of all peacekeeping norms (OSCE 1994: 4), though whether this was done officially or not is unknown. The conflict started in December 1991 and it was not until July 1992 that a peacekeeping mission was discussed amongst the CIS states. Originally it was agreed that a CIS peacekeeping taskforce consisting of troops from Ukraine, Romania, Belarus, Russia and Bulgaria would be sent if the Moldovan government requested (OSCE 1994: 3). This initiative failed however as the other states backed out, leaving Moldova with little option but to accept the Russian plan of peacekeepers from Russia, Moldova and Transdniestria. Moldova eventually secured OSCE observation and assistance in 1994. However, even up the present day the Russian 14th Army re mains in Transdniestria, more than 1000km from the Russian border (ibid.) The former republics of Central Asia have been the other main hotspot of instability which the RF has become involved in peacekeeping operations and provides a useful comparison to operations in Moldova. Peacekeeping operations were started in Tajikistan in October 1993, following the bloodiest stage of the Civil War (Nikitin 1996: 91). The civil war started following the break-up of the Soviet Union and was between the Moscow backed communist government and a lose coalition of tribal and regional clans, some of them Islamic fundamentalists. Tajikistan’s location made it vulnerable to Islamic fundamentalism, a situation which has worried both the nearby authoritarian and largely secular former SSRs as well as Moscow (Vasilyev 1996: 69). Fears of a â€Å"domino effect† resulting from the Islamization of one of the former Republics are prevalent both in Moscow and in neighbouring states (Splidsboel-Hansen 1997: 1503; Holoboff 1994: 165). The most distinctive feature of Russian peacekeeping in Tajikistan has been its more multinational dimension and presence of a CIS mandate. In 1993 the heads of the CIS agreed to send a multinational peacekeeping force, consisting of military contingents from Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajiks themselves (Nikitin 1996: 91). Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan later changed their minds, and Russia provided most of the troops eventually. Support from CIS states outside of the region was also non-existent; Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova all refused to send troops. Russian troops were used to seal the â€Å"transparent† Afghan border to prevent the movement of weapons and drugs and mujahidin. In 1994 a UN peacekeeping mission, UNMOT, was despatched to supervise the ceasefire and to stabilise the country (Taylor 2002). By the time of the UN’s involvement support from CIS states other than Russia amount to little more than a token effort (Shakleina 1995: 103) The two above case studies arguably demonstrate little in the way of a neoimperialist foreign policy pursue by the RF under the guise of peacekeeping. Certainly Russian conceptions of peacekeeping have differed from traditionally accepted ones in many ways, however there is no strong evidence that Russia is embarking on a deliberately expansionist policy. Firstly in both cases there has been an eventual acceptance of the need to involve supranational bodies, in Moldova the OSCE and in Tajikistan the UN, which is hardly consistent with the idea of an expansionist state seeking to further its own regional gains. Russia also assisted with peacekeeping in Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh somewhat reluctantly and at its own expense (Holoboff 1994: 168) In none of the cases has Russia acted unilaterally with no consultation, there has been no Afghanistan or Hungarian type operations in response to perceived security threats. Russia has found it hard to act multilaterally when states in the CIS refuse to send troops to backup their declarations. One of the main reasons for CIS states refusing to send troops is that it would be of no benefit to their state, for example this was the reason given by Turkmenistan for refusing to send troops to assist in Tajikistan (Brown 1996: 237). Russia has also had to step in when other states outside the region have refused assistance. The UN initially refused to become involved in the conflict in Abkhazia as conditions were â€Å"not ripe† (Ivanov 1996: 78) for UN involvement, as a result of the bloodshed Russia was forced to step in and provide the framework and troops for peacekeeping, again out her own pocket. Secondly there appears to be a development of Russian policy as it becomes used to a new concept, for example the adoption of a CIS doctrine on peacekeeping. Peacekeeping formed only a very limited feature of the Soviet Union’s foreign policy, instead preferring to see conflicts in a more black and white approach such as its support for national liberation movements, for example in Angola. Thirdly Russia’s approach to its neighbouring states seems more concerned with guarding its own borders and preserving its security. Refusing to allow places such as Tajikistan to become Islamic fundamentalist states represents a prudent, rather than expansionist foreign policy, especially when considering the large level of non-Russian Muslims in the Central Asian states and the destabilising effect this would have on Russia proper. In addition to these factors the RF has also not installed puppet regimes in either of these conflicts, or any of the other ones which it has been inv olved in, signifying a major break in policy from the days of the Soviet Union. In many ways the shedding of the outlying SSRs in Central Asia has been a benefit to the RF as she would no longer have to economically support them or use troops to resolve ethnic and tribal conflicts (Smith 1999: 49). Regardless of its long lineage, the new RF is less than 15 years old as a democratic state; as such it must be expected to take some time to develop its foreign policies. Certainly in light of recent US/UK actions in Iraq and Afghanistan it is hard to accuse the RF as being alone in pursuing an â€Å"imperialist† agenda. A more accurate description I would argue is that the RF is adopting a Monroe Doctrine-esque strategy and that policies in Central Asia and the Transcaucas are more readily comparable to US actions in Latin America than any of the â€Å"classic† European Empires such as the British or French. Russia’s actions in Moldova and Tajikistan appear to have very limited geostrategic benefits for the RF, for example it would not be in Russia’s interests to have another Kaliningrad. It would be incorrect to view them as altruistic peace-orientated acts, though is peacekeeping ever without some form of hidden agenda? The Central Asian states are also dependent on Russia to a large extent to provide security for them. Following the dissolution of the Union, the Central Asian states wanted a common CIS defence force to provide security, removing the financial burden on their already weak economies (Brown 1995: 235). When this failed to happen they became dependent on Russia for training, equipment and enforcement in times of crisis (ibid.). This further weakens the case for the neoimperialist argument, making Russian activity seem more like an â€Å"empire by invitation† than imperial aggrandisement. CIS member states have also been unwilling to provide the military personal needed for peacekeeping operations, resulting in Russia bearing the burden unilaterally, despite CIS approval, for example in Tajikistan (Yermolaev 2000). It is also too early yet to see whether hostility will emerge at a governmental level to Russian involvement in Central Asia. A criticism by Holoboff of Russia’s peacekeeping operations is that despite Russia’s official democratic status, Moscow has supported hard-line communist governments numerous times (1994: 165). This is implying that Russia has not changed her old ways, yet how many authoritarian and repressive governments has the West supported in favour of ones they believe will be more hostile? A good example is the estimated $3bn worth of aid the US has given to Pakistan, despite being ruled by an unelected military junta that came to power in a coup d’etat (Kux 2003). This aid is being given as a reward for Islamabad’s support for the US’ war on terror, even though Pakistan has provided a large level of support for Islamists in the past, has an active nuclear weapons programme, a poor human rights record and a hostile foreign policy towards India over the Kashmir region, which may yet degenerate into nuclear war. When compared to examples like this, Moscowâ⠂¬â„¢s realpolitik foreign policy of supporting corrupt or repressive regimes almost looks as if it is just following international norms. Since the â€Å"war on terror† was declared by the US, criticism of Russia for its activities in suppressing Islamist fundamentalism has been lessened, especially in Chechnya (Csongos 2001). Criticism against Russian actions in the region have subsided in recent years as Moscow has been transformed into an ally of the West in the â€Å"war against terror†. It is also likely that it has become apparent that the â€Å"old Russia† of the Cold War has disappeared, and that there is no longer the political will or capacity for future large scale conflicts with the West. Russia has even been criticised for not having an active enough presence in Transdniestria in order to prevent the proliferation of the large amount of ex-Soviet weapons located there (Warrick 2003). Vasilyev concludes by claiming that Russia’s peacekeeping operations are not motivated by a â€Å"neo-imperial ambitions† but by a rational calculation of Russia’s security interests; without peace and stability on its borders Russia will find it difficult to achieve its full economic potential (1996: 80). I would support his conclusion with reference to the lack of unilateral action taken, the acceptance of outside mediation and support and the very real need for Russia to secure itself as evidence for the strength of this conclusion. Bibliography Books Fleitz, H. (2002) Peacekeeping Fiascos of the 1990s (Praeger: London) Galeotti, M. (1994) The Age of Anxiety (Longman: Harlow) Raevsky, A. Vorob’ev, I. N. (1994) Russian Approaches to Peacekeeping (UNIDIR: New York) Smith, G. (1999) The Post Soviet States: Mapping the Politics of Transition (Arnold: London) Tolz, V. (2001) Inventing the Nation: Russia (Arnold: London) Edited Books Brown, B. (1995) â€Å"Security and Military Issues in Central Asia† in Parrot, B. ed. State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (M.E. Sharpe: London) Halverson, T. (1994) â€Å"Disengagement by Stealth: The Emerging Gap Between America’s Rhetoric and the Reality of Future European Conflicts† in Freedman, L. ed. Military Intervention in European Conflicts (Blackwell: London) Holoboff, E. (1994) â€Å"Military Intervention: The Russian View† in Freedman, L. ed. Military Intervention in European Conflicts (Blackwell: London) Nikitin, A. (1996) â€Å"Peace Support Operations on the Territory of the Former Soviet Union† in Carlton, D. et al. eds. Rising Tension in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Dartmouth: Aldershot) Shakleina, T. (1995) â€Å"Russian Policy Toward Military Conflict in the Former Soviet Union† in Parrot, B. ed. State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (M.E. Sharpe: London) Journal Articles Arbatov, A. 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Russia and its `Near Abroad† jha.ac/articles/a025.htm Accessed 25/5/04 (Journal of Humanitarian Assistance) Csongos, F. (2001) â€Å"Russia: U.S. Says No Deal With Moscow† cdi.org/russia/173.html##1 (Centre for Defense Information) Accessed 27/5/04 Kux, D. (2003) â€Å"Looking at US aid to Pakistan† mideasti.org/articles/doc146.html Accessed 28/5/04 (Middle East Institute) Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia (2004) http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566942/Moldova.html#s4 Accessed 25/5/04 (Microsoft) OSCE (1994) â€Å"Transdniestrian Conflict: Origins and Main Issues† osce.org/moldova/documents/files/background.pdf Accessed 25/5/04 (OSCE) Taylor, R. (2002) â€Å"Tajikistan: Time to Reflect† http://articles.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_4_39/ai_96951759 (UN Chronicle: Dec.2002) Accessed 26/5/04 Treninl, D. (2000) â€Å"Peacekeeping in the Former Soviet Union: Lessons for Africa† iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No46/Peacekee.html Accessed 26/5/04 (Monograph) Yermolaev, M. (2000 â€Å"Russias International Peacekeeping and Conflict Management in the Post-soviet Environment† iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No44/RussiasPeacekeeping.html Accessed 31/5/04 (Monograph) Newspaper Articles Warrick, J. (2003) â€Å"Dirty Bomb Warheads Disappear: Stocks of Soviet-Era Arms For Sale on Black Market† Washington Post 7/12/03 washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp- dyn?pagename=articlecontentId=A41921-2003Dec6notFound=true Accessed 31/5/04 Research Papers on Russia's Approach to Peacekeeping Resembles Neo-imperialism - Government EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationOpen Architechture a white paperBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era